Which term describes systems where the same input can yield different outputs due to randomness?

The term that best describes systems in which the same input can lead to different outputs due to an element of randomness is "stochastic." Stochastic systems incorporate inherent randomness in their processes, meaning that multiple outcomes can occur from identical starting conditions. This characteristic is crucial in understanding phenomena in various fields, including finance, weather forecasting, and AI modeling.

While "nondeterministic" could seem relevant, it often applies to scenarios where the outcome can vary due to multiple potential paths or choices rather than randomness specifically. Deterministic systems, on the other hand, produce a single predictable output from a given input, thus lacking any randomness. The term "linear" relates to relationships characterized by proportionality, which does not account for variability in outputs based on randomness. Therefore, "stochastic" is the most fitting term in this context, as it captures the essence of systems influenced by chance and variability.